Why babies under 9 months old suffering from measles?

Baby measles, especially in children younger than 9 months old to face with measles, this is very dangerous. So what is the cause of measles in babies under 9 months of age?

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Measles in baby girl

• Measles is an acute infectious disease caused by the measles virus, common in children. Measles is contagious from person to person, primarily via the respiratory tract, not through an intermediate host, measles occur year-round but often more powerful in the winter - spring. This is the time of high atmospheric humidity, the bacteria multiply and thrive. Measles Virus too, this is an appropriate time to develop them.
• Measles is spread rate in the community very fast, about 90% of children exposed to measles baby will become infected. These children are at high risk infants with measles are physically weak, premature infants, vaccination is not adequate precautions. Adults can also get measles if the body is not fully immune to measles.
• Measles baby is under 9 months of age accounted for about 8% / total number of cases of measles infection.

Why less than 9 months old baby infected with measles?

• Babies under 9 months old preschoolers to be vaccinated against measles vaccines. As usual children under 9 months of age were protected by maternal antibodies passed to. Children can be preventive or not depends on passive immunity from the mother. Children under 9 months of age may be infected with measles by the following reasons:
• First, if the mothers of these children are not immune to measles (they never had measles or they have not been vaccinated against measles), the children born have no immunity against measles. 
• Second, if the mothers received one dose of measles vaccine in the past but the body does not have enough to respond, or not respond strongly enough to generate protective immunity, thus no antibodies' communication for the child, or low antibody children should not be protected.
• Third, the mother has immunity to measles but not to breastfeed, this makes the child not receive full immunity from the mother. 
• Fourth, for some reason, the immune system of the child itself does not have the ability to maintain concentration of maternal antibodies to high concentrations for a long time.
• The World Health Organization recommends measles vaccination for children at 9 months of age, and the second injection when the children were 18 months. If the child has been immunized against measles once, we will have immunity against measles reached 80-85%, the second injection at 18 months of age, immunity to measles increased 90-95%. Because of these reasons, vaccination is a preventive measure measles most effective.

Measures to prevent measles in babies

• All these children have not been immunized against measles, parents should take them to the health center to receive tips. For children under 9 months, parents should not give babies exposed to the suspected typhus is caused by measles to prevent the spread, enhance nutrition to increase resistance.
• If the child has fever, rash similar to measles, the rash begins stain from the face then spreads down the legs, arms, accompanied by conjunctivitis eye, respiratory infection, the parents should consider measles. When it does not necessarily have to take the child to the hospital where the child should be isolated at home, care, good nutrition, reduce fever, lie in a cool place, protected from the wind blowing directly into the body.
• If your baby constantly high fever, shortness of breath, dehydration diarrhea, cough, pneumonia, respiratory failure ... parents should put the baby to the hospital to avoid complications. If you need to use antibiotics, they strictly adhere to the instructions of the doctor. What causes measles in children are caused by viruses, so antibiotics can not treat measles. Antibiotics are only indicated when complications from bacterial infections.
• Do not bathe the baby had measles, not arbitrarily use drugs.
• Measles is a benign disease, depending on the individual patient, but it heavy or light changes. In case of complications of pneumonia in mild, active treatment only 3-5 days. Children with severe pneumonia, respiratory failure may be treated in hospital for 2 weeks.

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How to prevent and treat measles in baby get most effective

Currently, measles epidemics are becoming widespread and highly dangerous for children, and infants. Parents should equip themselves with knowledge about this devastating disease to prevention and treatment for the baby. How to treat measles baby blogs will introduce you some ways to prevent measles and cure measles for children. Hopefully will be a useful guide for everyone.

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Measles in baby girl

Measles is a disease in babies are more dangerous complications.

How to prevent measles for children

• The best way to prevent measles in babies, babies are to be vaccinated against measles.
• Bathing with coriander leaves elderly bathing coriander leaves can prevent measles in young children's experience of the Vietnam folk. This plant when boiling has pleasant fragrance, bath with water boiled with coriander semi-monthly can prevent measles in children is very effective, proven by Vietnam in row thousands of years are still in use.

Symptoms, signs measles in children

First, children with high fever of 38.5 to 40 degrees, accompanied by symptoms of mucositis: 

•  Inflammation of the lining of the eyes: the eyes red, watery eyes, conjunctivitis then. In severe cases swelling of eyelids stuck together. 
•  Inflammation of the lining of the respiratory tract: Young sneezing, runny nose, cough, red throat, severe cases can laryngitis, hoarseness. Visit mouth see white dots as small as pins, scattered in front cheek teeth (Koplik particles). This period of measles is most infectious.

Measles growing period: 

• Extend about 3 to 4 days, the committee began to grow after natural measles spreads from the face to the chest and abdomen, and finally back to the foot. Measles is an form of burning, crimson, size from 1 to 1.5 mm. alternating between measles is about skin healthy, smooth as velvet touch, never itchy. Children with fever during the rash of measles.

Period of remission: 

• Without complications, children no longer have a fever, measles began receding sequentially as the oak, but after flying them to leave bruises on the skin, covered with powdery flakes forming wound stripes like a tiger skin. In case of complications, the child has a high fever after measles flew, baby become anorexia, weight loss, foul-smelling breath, may be necrotic stomatitis can bronchitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, otitis media, laryngitis, enteritis, diarrhea lasts lead to malnutrition.

How to treat measles for children most effectively

• Baby is in the chamber breathable, light , not too much should abstain , abstain from unnecessary exposure to water , with the wind . Oral hygiene and child body .
• Using saline solution or aqueous ophthalmic nose, day 3 -4 times. 
• If no complications occur, do not need antibiotics, just use Vitamin B1, C high dose for children with measles, the disease will be relieved and cleared. 
• Cases of high fever over 39 degrees Celsius, the temperature can be lowered with medication for 
• In case of measles complications (children still signs of fever after measles flew off) to take the child to the hospital and treated promptly. 
• Diets for children in the days of high fever, the child should eat liquid food, digestion, drink a lot of juice. 
• When a child has diarrhea for more breastfeeding, noting rehydration solution for children to combat dehydration, salt loss.

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Measles

Every year worldwide, about 50 million children with measles, in which an estimated 722,000 children <5 years of age die from complications from measles and 40% of deaths due to malnutrition. The disease usually occurs in African countries and South East Asia.

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Measles in baby

Measles is detected

• Measles is a disease first described in the tenth century by the physician Rhazes Persan. Until the eighteenth century, the Home began to work on the experimental transmission of measles. Especially the study of measles in babies. Measles virus of the family paramyxovirus influenzae. This group of viruses antigenically similar to, but measles virus neuraminidase does not own them, so it is not absorbed by the receptors of cells containing acid neuraminidic. Measles virus containing erythrocyte agglutination factor, while the virus paramyxovirus group as Rinderpest and Canine distemper is not there.
• Measles virus is easily destroyed by high heat. At 560 ° C it was destroyed in 30 minutes. It was inactivated by light, ultrasound and a number of other physical and chemical agents. Conversely it himself survived more than 5 years at room temperature - 700 degrees C. Like the kind Myxovirus, measles virus is sensitive to ether and virus breaks into small pieces.

Epidemiology

• Measles in children is acute viral infection, very strong transmission occurs year-round, the highest in the spring and everywhere in the world. The disease is caused epidemics cycle 3-4 times year 1. Prior periods have vaccines, widespread disease at the age of 2-6. Currently the country is the use of vaccines ROR measles incidence decreased 99%. Measles tends to shift to older children. In 1994 in Vietnam epidemic, up to 11,000 children with measles cases. Status of measles in the past 20 years (1979-1999) of children nationwide suffer from 579 678 cases, 2190 cases of death.
• Every year worldwide, about 50 million children with measles, in which an estimated 722,000 children <5 years of age die from complications from measles and 40% of deaths due to malnutrition. The disease usually occurs in African countries and South East Asia. 
• Measles virus pathogenic to humans through the respiratory tract, in addition conjunctival route is also very important. With direct transmission path through the saliva particles containing the virus, it attacks the lining of the nose, oral mucosa, pharyngeal mucosa or localized mucosal, conjunctival. Viruses multiply in the respiratory epithelium and lymphoid system, then through the circulatory system and spread to other organs in the body.

Risk factors of measles are: 

• Children <1 year of age and older children. 
• Children suffering from malnutrition. 
• Children who are not immunized against measles. 
• Children with HIV infection. 
• The parents of children with measles does not comply the direction of medical staff. 

Pathogenesis

• When measles virus enters the upper respiratory tract or the conjunctiva, then the virus to multiply in the mucosa and lymph nodes. On day 5 and 6 viremia occurs and causes recurrent infection in the tissue. On day 11, the prodromal symptoms begin to appear until about the 14th day and the rash appears. From 24-48 hours after the rash appears, the antibodies appear quickly. Typically quantitative antibody on day 2 and 3 after the rash. The rate increased rapidly achieve 1/256, 1/512 in a few days. This rate decreased only slowly and often people also found antibodies to 1/16 or 1/32 after 10 or 15 years after measles infection.
• During the two-phase viremia, measles virus spread primarily in the white blood cells. Government of virus replication in leukocytes explain the increased neutropenia and the incidence of chromosome breakage of the cell. The decrease in oxygen production and enzyme deficiencies in leukocyte biology measles virus in at the moment which can easily give the secondary ascending infection of bacteria. 
• Koplik particles derived from submucosal glands as an inflammatory lesions, including serum exudate and proliferation of endothelial cells.
• In gray matter encephalitis subacute fibrosis, one can isolate the virus in brain biopsy and also have antibodies of patients with high titration.

Clinical 

• The incubation period 
• Lasted 10-12 days. No specific symptoms, there may be a slight fever and respiratory signs are not clear. 
• Intrusive phases 
• Lasts for 3-4 days, high fever 39 - 400C, gradually the clinical signs more clearly: 
• Nasal drip - eyes. 
• Appears board connectors: That is nuts Koplik or mucosal lesions in the vulva is valuable for diagnosis. 
• Coordinate with occasional signs: Accounting major, initial transient, loss of appetite, nausea.

Phase rash 

• Appear about 14 days after infection. You are currently productive land from head to toe. Since the rash appears until the flight ban lasts from 5-6 days.

Phase exfoliative skin 

• When flying measles, skin desquamation, leaving blackened spots uneven, with images like leopard. After 7-10 days was back to normal. 
• In addition to the usual measles, hemorrhagic measles also, this is a very severe clinical manifestations of dengue in skin, oral mucosa - the nose and gut, often fatal pediatric patients.

Complications

Upper respiratory tract 

• Purulent rhinitis, pharyngitis erythema. Otitis media is a common complication in children, occurring in advanced stages of the disease. 
• Croup usually occurs soon. 

Lower respiratory tract 

• Pneumonia is a common complication of measles. It is the result of: 
• Infectious virus spread. 
• Multiple infections like pneumococcal bacteria, streptococcus, staphylococcus or HI .. 
• Combine both viruses and bacteria. 
• Giant cell pneumonia, also known as Hecht pneumonia, pneumonia is a prolonged, dangerous, threatening death, usually occurs in immunocompromised children. 

Central Nervous System 

• Encephalitis or encephalomyelitis level. Prevalence of 0.1 - 0.2% in children with measles but rare in children <2 years of age. The mortality rate of about 5-10%.

Measles and HIV

• In children infected with HIV , measles mortality by more than 10 times higher than normal children . In America and Africa are the same for complications and death .
• The mortality rate in measles complications of pneumonia among HIV ( + ) of about 33-45 % .
• Otitis
• Happens about 10 % of patients with measles , usually in children with a history of ear infections and can then be secondary to mastoiditis .

Eyes

• Keratitis , corneal ulcers , ulcerated eyes wide.

Gastrointestinal tract

• Abdominal pain due to nonspecific lymphoid hyperplasia affecting the mesenteric lymph nodes . There may be acute appendicitis in advanced disease stages . Also possible diarrhea .

Measles with pregnant mothers

• Gestation period , if measles will result in : stillbirth , miscarriage or premature birth but no birth defects . Some diseases , such as asthma , kidney damage , eczema may temporarily decrease in measles infection stage .

Malnutrition

• Malnutrition occurs during disease progression is due to the amount of food taken in sufficient quantity and quality not so young anorexia accompanied by oral infection such as oranges ship , gangrene or infection Candida or Herpes .

Differential Diagnosis

Rubella 

• This is an infection that is granted a German physician first described. Patients expressed a high fever, sore glands behind the ears, armpits and groin. Then the whole body rash maculopapular form. After the flight can not leave black stains, and no skin desquamation phenomenon. Especially with no seeds Koplick. 
• Intestinal infections caused by viruses 
• High fever, loose stools several times a bowel movement; rash accompanied by systemic hemodynamics form. 
• Committee existed within 2-3 days. After initial flight does not leave black stains. 

Adenovirus infection 

• High fever, signs of inflammation dragon. Rash systemic hemodynamics form. After initial flight no skin desquamation and no black and blue marks. 

Treatment and care 

• Children with measles need is a cool place - Cleaning the body, it should be noted three agencies: Eyes - Nose - Mouth. Having adequate nutrition.

Drugs 

• Vitamin A: Treatment in 2 days: 
• Children> 1 year of age for oral 200,000 IU / day. 
• Children <1 year old to take 100,000 IU / day. 

Antipyretic. 

Treating symptoms. 

• Antibiotics when complications.

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First Symptoms of Measles in Babies

Measles in babies are common, in a human lifetime at least they are confronted with measles once.

• Causative agent of measles is heading RNA like Mobilli their Paramyxoviridae viruses Influenzae. People are the main source of the disease but can occur in monkeys. No vectors, no latent virus transmission, only one serotype, and effective vaccine. The road is mainly spread of measles in infants is respiratory, such as saliva, sneezing, runny nose or inhaled pathogens from the external environment of the patient (due to measles germs can survive outside the environment air than an hour). Measles is an infectious disease transmitted taking the highest, and population immunity in the human population should reach 94% could cut the spread of disease in the community.

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Measles in babies

Early symptoms of measles in babies

Measles in babies can be divided into stages:

• The incubation period (time from virus infected to the time symptoms first) average is 10 days (can vary from 7den 18ngay): young children may have a mild fever.
• Period of onset (also known as inflammatory period long): This is the period of measles can spread the highest, lasts from 3 to 5 days with the following expression:
• Fever : mild fever or high fever of 39.5 ° C to 40 ° C , there may be high fever accompanied by convulsions, together with fatigue, headache, muscle aches joint pain.
• " Inflammation of the dragon " (with flu-like symptoms ) usually occurs in the eye and nose, causing watery eyes, a lump poured more, turning red eye conjunctivitis, patients felt photophobia, corneal and eyelids may be swollen, sneezing, runny nose, cough, hoarseness. Can cause laryngitis shrinkage, if any inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract dragon will cause diarrhea.
• Visit the throat in this stage may see small white dots on the lining grows khoang1mm red inflamed cheeks , is located immediately to the first molars, which are the " Koplik " very valuable to help diagnose the development committee. Duration of this signal is about 12 to 18 hours .
• Full development period (also known as hives period): The first appearance behind the ear, then gradually spreads to 2 cheek, neck, chest, abdomen and upper limb parts within 24 hours. In the next 24 edges, original spreads down the back, abdomen, arms and final 2 2 feet in from day 2 to day 3 of the illness. Measles pale pink, click them to disappear, usually adhesive back. In mild cases, initial sparse. For severe cases, the department grows dense palms, feet, sometimes accompanied purpura body bleeding nose, mouth, gastrointestinal bleeding.

• Recovery Period: The flying sequence measles appeared to the affected skin black and blue marks on the skin surface stained as tiger skin so-called "tiger stripes stain"
• Measles diagnosis is mainly based on clinical symptoms of strep throat with a rash appearing in sequence and throat examination shows marked "Koplik" with a history common in children under 10 years of age any time not measles, exposure the source of infection in the previous 10 days. Can also meet the children living in collective nurseries, schools and families with loved ones suffering from the same disease.

Complications of measles in babies

Measles in babies can cause serious complications during measles or measles after treatment.

1. Pneumonia : Often multiple infections caused by other bacteria such as pneumococcus , streptococcus , staphylococcus Hemophilus Influenzae.
2. Tuberculosis : fiber increase the risk of severe disease and latent TB increases the level of primary tuberculosis infection .
3. Otitis media : high fever, fussiness, 1 or 2 moist ear.
4.  Croup : Can enclosed attacks nocturnal dyspnea, cough, hoarseness, if possible severe laryngeal dyspnea.
5. Encephalomyelitis (0,1 - 0,2% ) : It may happen sooner than 2 weeks with symptoms of high fever , vomiting, headache, drowsiness, convulsions .
6. Hemorrhage and thrombocytopenia : Usually occurs from day 3 to day 5
7. Several other diseases :

•  Eye conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration leading to lack of vitamin A leads to blindness .
•  Myocarditis
•  Cheek mucosal ulcers, mouth ( also known as civil commitment pipe stretch code )
•  Inflammation of the mucous glands in the intestine, causing abdominal pain
•  Inflammation of the liver : jaundice , elevated liver enzymes ( primarily seen in adults )
•  Glomerulonephritis level
•  Guillain Barré Syndrome.

Treatment of measles in babies 

• Mainly supportive therapy, there is currently no specific treatment. Children should relax, avoid exposure to strong light in photophobia stage, children should diet rich in nutrients and easy to digest, maintaining good oral hygiene. 
• If your baby high fever, taking Acetaminophene 15mg/kg/lan, 4 times and drink plenty 
• water. Combined with measures such as wiping the positive side. 

• Vitamin A for children <1 year of age: 100,000 units 

                                     children> 1 year: 200,000 units

 Care of patients with measles attack, and prevention methods spread of measles in babies' to the community like? 

1.  Treatment of measles in babies at home if signs of mild, uncomplicated: 
2.  Monitor temperature daily. 
3.  Small eyes, small nose with saline solution to prevent contamination 9 ‰. 
4.  Wash rinse with warm water to avoid infections and sores. 
5.  adequate nutrition, easy to digest food and nutrients, especially vitamin A. 
6.  Should private room located (airy, light, drafts). 
7.  Only use antibiotics when indicated by the physician. 
8.  Giving to health facilities as soon as the heavy sign up: 
9.  High fever, severe cough, severe diarrhea ... 
10.  Measles diving boards all that remains sauce. 
11.  Signs complications of ear, lung, gastrointestinal, eye .......

What to do to prevent measles in babies? 

1.  Use a hand towel to cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing. 
2.  Wash hands before eating and before preparing food. 
3.  Measles vaccine. This is a proactive measure to prevent measles in children is widely practiced and most effective.

• Children are immunized attenuated vaccine data 1 time, usually at month 9 (9 months old). Because of the vaccine immune protection achieved only 90%) and with the immunodeficiency of the vaccine over time, so children should be vaccinated against the 2nd when <10 years of age. Currently there is '3 in a vaccine injections for diseases: Measles, Mumps and Rulella (MMR or Trimovax).
• Parents should actively remember their child's immunization history and perform a full range of vaccinations to achieve the most effective in preventing measles in babies.

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